About Byzantine Architecture and the Rise of Christianity

Byzantine architecture is a style of building that flourished under the rule of Roman Emperor Justinian between A.D. 527 and 565. In addition to extensive use of interior mosaics, its defining characteristic is a heightened dome, the result of the latest sixth-century engineering techniques. Byzantine architecture dominated the eastern half of the Roman Empire during the reign of Justinian the Great, but the influences spanned centuries, from 330 until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and on into todays church architecture. Much of what we call Byzantine architecture today is ecclesiastical, meaning church-related. Christianity began to flourish after the Edict of Milan in A.D. 313 when Roman Emperor Constantine (c. 285-337) announced his own Christianity, which legitimized the new religion; Christians would no longer be routinely persecuted. With religious freedom, Christians could worship openly and without threat, and the young religion spread rapidly. The need for places of worship expanded as did the need for new approaches to building design. Hagia Irene (also known as Haghia Eirene or Aya Ä °rini Kilisesi) in Istanbul, Turkey is the  site of the first Christian church ordered built by Constantine in the 4th Century. Many of these early churches were destroyed but rebuilt atop their rubble by Emperor Justinian. Hagia Irene or Aya Ä °rini Kilisesi in Istanbul, Turkey. Salvator Barki/Getty Images (cropped) Characteristics of Byzantine Architecture Original Byzantine churches are square-shaped with a central floor plan. They were designed after the Greek cross or crux immissa quadrata instead of the Latin crux ordinaria of Gothic cathedrals. Early Byzantine churches might have one, dominant center dome of great height, rising from a square base on half-dome pillars or pendentives. Byzantine architecture blended Western and Middle Eastern architectural details and ways of doing things. Builders renounced the Classical Order in favor of columns with decorative impost blocks inspired by Middle Eastern designs. Mosaic decorations and narratives were common. For example, the mosaic image of Justinian in the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy honors the Roman Christian Emporer. The early Middle Ages was also a time of experimentation with building methods and materials. Clerestory windows became a popular way for natural light and ventilation to enter an otherwise dark and smokey building. Mosaic of the Roman Christian Emporer Justinian I Flanked by Military and Clergy. CM Dixon/Print Collector/Getty Images Construction and Engineering Techniques How do you put a huge, round dome onto a square-shaped room? Byzantine builders experimented with different methods of construction; when ceilings fell in, they tried something else. Art historian Hans Buchwald writes that: Sophisticated methods for assuring structural solidity were developed, such as well-built deep foundations, wooden tie-rod systems in vaults, walls and foundations, and metal chains placed horizontally inside masonry. Byzantine engineers turned to the structural use of pendentives to elevate domes to new heights. With this technique, a dome can rise from the top of a vertical cylinder, like a silo, giving height to the dome. Like the Hagia Irene, the exterior of the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy is characterized by the silo-like pendentive construction. A good example of pendentives seen from the inside is the interior of the ​Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya) in Istanbul, one of the most famous Byzantine structures in the world. Inside the Hagia Sophia. Frà ©dà ©ric Soltan/Corbis via Getty Images Why This Style Is Called Byzantine In the year 330, Emperor Constantine relocated the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to a part of Turkey known as Byzantium (present-day Istanbul). Constantine renamed Byzantium to be called Constantinople after himself. What we call the Byzantine Empire is really the Eastern Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was divided into East and West. While the Eastern Empire was centered in Byzantium, the Western Roman Empire was centered in Ravenna, in northeast Italy, which is why Ravenna is a well-known tourist destination for Byzantine architecture. The Western Roman Empire in Ravenna fell in 476 but was recaptured in 540 by Justinian. Justinians Byzantine influence is still felt in Ravenna. Byzantine Architecture, East and West The Roman Emperor Flavius Justinianus was not born in Rome, but in Tauresium, Macedonia in Eastern Europe in about 482. His place of birth is a major factor why the reign of the Christian Emperor changed the shape of architecture between 527 and 565. Justinian was a ruler of Rome, but he grew up with the people of the Eastern world. He was a Christian leader uniting two worlds; construction methods and architectural details were passed back and forth. Buildings that previously had been built similar to those in Rome took on more local, Eastern influences. Justinian reconquered the Western Roman Empire, which had been taken over by barbarians, and Eastern architectural traditions were introduced to the West. A mosaic image of Justinian from the Basilica of San Vitale, in Ravenna, Italy is a testament to the Byzantine influence on the Ravenna area, which remains a great center of Italian Byzantine architecture. Byzantine Architecture Influences Architects and builders learned from each of their projects and from each other. Churches built in the East influenced the construction and design of sacred architecture built in many places. For example, the Byzantine Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus, a small Istanbul experiment from the year 530, influenced the final design of the most famous Byzantine Church, the grand Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya), which itself inspired the creation of Blue Mosque of Constantinople in 1616. The Eastern Roman Empire profoundly influenced early Islamic architecture, including the Umayyad Great Mosque of Damascus and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. In Orthodox countries such as Russia and Romania, Eastern Byzantine architecture persisted, as shown by the 15th century Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. Byzantine architecture in the Western Roman Empire, including in Italian towns such as Ravenna, more quickly gave way to Romanesque and Gothic architecture, and the towering spire replaced the high domes of early Christian architecture. Architectural periods have no borders, especially during what is known as the Middle Ages. The period of Medieval architecture from roughly 500 to 1500 is sometimes called Middle and Late Byzantine. Ultimately, names are less important than influence, and architecture has always been subject to the next great idea. The impact of Justinians rule was felt long after his death in A.D. 565. Source Buchwald, Hans. The Dictionary of Art, Volume 9. Jane Turner, ed. Macmillan, 1996, p. 524

Business Rules and Business Intelligence - 1114 Words

Business Intelligence projects start out as a simple report or request for an extract of data. Once the base data is aggregated then the next request usually is about summing data or creating more reports that have different views to the data sets. Before long complex logic comes into play and the metrics coming out of the system are very important to many corporate wide citizens. Centrally managed business rules enable BI projects to draw from the business know-how of a company and to work with consistent sets of business logic Ââ€" they are what add the intelligence to business intelligence.(pg14) Once reports are no longer a straightforward representation of base data they begin to depend more and more on business rules. The term†¦show more content†¦In order to achieve a consistent business definition across an organization the individual departments need to share and become aware of how this data can heavily influence what they know to be true and how other interpret what is true. It helps to drive consistency by encoding business logic and can be defined as a specialized version of business rules. According to the article only 20% of organizations practice MDM as a separate solution.(pg15) An independent business logic component should look like a set of rules that are shared among departments that directly interface with the business users and IT systems, eliminating the need for developers to write programming code. Experts call such a thing a business rules engine but there different schools of thought on the term. Some people think that it is a software application that can be used to capture to business know-how and can interpret operational data to gain insight. Others think that it resembles something akin to AI (artificial intelligence) or expert systems that interpret the implications of business rules on a set of data. 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Importance of Communication Tools in Organization

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Communication Tools in Organization. Answer: Introduction: Effective communication helps the organization to perform. Advent of modern communication technologies has changed the scenario of the business organization. Not only it helps the employees or the managers to interact, but also it has changed the decision making process of the organization (Goetsch Davis, 2014). Nowadays organizations rely on different types of communication tools for communicating with their employees and reinforcing their productivity. The following article emphasises the importance different communication tools in enhancing the communication in organization. The different tools uses in my organization and the impact of this communication tools on the organizational behaviour have been discussed in the following article. Communication Tools and Techniques: Active communication is essential for every organization to exchange quick information among its employees. I am working in an IT company. It has over 10,000 employees. Any company, that has workforce over 500 needs to rely on different communication tools and techniques to for quick information process within the organization (McNeil, Frey Embrechts, 2015). Our organization uses different types of communication technologies to interact with its employees. Some of them are as follows: Communication Tools: Intranet/ Social Intranet: The term intranet refers to a internal hub that every authorized user can access within the organization, it is useful for enhancing internal communication. This type of communication will ensure that all employees are aware about the objective of the company and they are working together to achieve it (Cummings Worley, 2014). Chat rooms, private messaging group: Chat room, group messaging is considered as one of the most efficient communication tools for any organization. Instant messaging quickly informs employees about all the updates regarding any project. Any important information or file can be shared through this type of communication tools. Discussion Forums: Discussion forum is considered as old, effective communication tool (Cameron Green, 2015). It is the most efficient tool for any organization. It provides an opportunity to to both the employees and the management to discuss openly over an issue. Employees can share their views with the management. This type of communication increases the transparency within the organization. Internal Blogs, videos, audio: Various articles, tutorial videos, attractive images can be shared among the employees and people can write their views on internal blog. This type of communication tools are often used for training purpose. Podcasts: These types of communication tools are used to conveying any message from the CEO of the company or from the authority. According to many business experts, these types of podcasts are efficient and listening to these podcasts is an integral part of employees work routine. Communication Techniques: Every communication has a purpose. Communicator must be clear about his objective of communication while interacting (Cornelissen, 2014). My organization always follow this technique while communicating Before communicating, one has to analyze about his or her audience. He must convey his message in such a manner that his audience can grab the attention of its audience. Communication tools are the key element of any interaction (Chen Zhang, 2014). One has to be more careful while choosing communication tools. Wrong choice of communication tools can reduce the effectiveness of the communication. My organization always follows the rule of making key message while communicating. Communicator must make a key message that can clearly transmit the thoughts and objectives of the communicator to the audience. Communication is a two-way procedure. Communicator must learn his mistakes through his own message. He must listen to his message and rectify his mistakes. It improves the the quality of the communication and it will help him to engage him with his audience. Evaluation of the impact of Improved Communication: Use of efficient communication tools has changed the scenario of our organization. The new changed communication structure has enforced the productivity of our organization. Emergence of different communication tools and techniques has helped our organization in many ways. They are as follows: Clear Expectation: Use of effective communication tools has cleared the objectives and the expectations of the company to the employees. Strong Relation: Organizational bonding has increased due to this type of communication techniques. It has established a strong relationship among the employees and employees with the management as well. Ideas Innovation: The open communication has brought new ideas that have influenced the productivity of the organization. Better Performance: The open communication has made the organizational policies, culture, services and aims transparent to the employees. It has encouraged employees to give their best performance for achieving goal for the organization. Positive Environment: Effective communication has provided a positive work environment within the organization. It leads the employees to work together for the betterment of the company. Conclusion: hus, it can be concluded that every organization requires efficient communicational structure. However, some various communicational tools can be used to establish a strong communication within the organization, such as- intranet, video, audio, podcasts. Use of such communication tools and use of effective communication techniques can enhance the productivity of the organization. Reference: Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015).Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Chen, C. P., Zhang, C. Y. (2014). Data-intensive applications, challenges, techniques and technologies: A survey on Big Data.Information Sciences,275, 314-347. Cornelissen, J. (2014).Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press.

Third Annual Bay Area Travel and Adventure Show

Those who believe that booking travel tours online is much more compelling and fascinating are mistaken. In fact, the World Wide Web provides you only with also necessary information about the itinerary you are going to choose to enjoy the trip. Recently, I have visited Bay Travel and Adventure Show to take a look at the scope of travelling from a different viewpoint. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Third Annual Bay Area Travel and Adventure Show specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The event is indeed worth your time because the organizers of the show can inspire you to engage with a variety of activities and discover the most beneficial travel possibilities. I have had a marvelous chance to learn a lot from experts, including Patricia Schultz, Rick Steeves, and Joe Dias. These people have given me much valuable information about what needs to be done to make my dreams come true. I have been fond of travelling sinc e my childhood because visiting different places allows me to gain new experience, meeting new people, and learning more about new places. So, I decided to attend the nation’s leading travel event on February 16. As soon as I arrived at the place, I was immediately transferred to another world where people enjoy listening to the music, dancing, and communicating with each other. The travel show represented over 200 travel and tour experts so that I could receive professional advice concerning which places should be visited first, as well as which remarkable cities should be attended and could be perpetuated my experience. As soon as I was acquainted with the experts, I decided to visit one of the travel seminars to learn more about what it meant to be a travel-addicted person. During the seminar, I was interested in the information about the main attributes of extreme journey. I listened to the real stories from life about the challenges and difficulties that travelers had to overcome, as well as valuable skills that should be acquired before going on trip. Apart from exciting seminars, the show was also accompanied with incredible activities that the entire family could visit. Although I attended this event alone, I had so many activities to engage with. In particular, I decided to try my skills and strengths to master zip lining and rock climbing. I should admit that these activities required much effort; yet expert guidance allowed me to climb the rock quickly, almost without additional help. As soon as I learnt more about these authentic experiences, I was determined to set out for the journey of my life and visit Machu Picchu, the most captivating place in the world. Surrounding by gorgeous mountains, the site amazes by its scale and picturesque landscapes. Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More So, after I consulted one of the experts about the tr avel possibilities, I decided to visit a couple of exhibitions to learn more about destination travels and discover new vacation options. Tour operators were glad to discuss the most exciting experiences in traveling, as well as advice new sites for me to visit. After I received a bulk of valuable recommendations on travelling, I made my way to another place – the Global Beats Stage – where I had a remarkable opportunity to witness diverse music and dance performances introducing destinations from all over the world. The cultural events had provided me with valuable knowledge about performances. I could even dance with the guests of the festival. I especially admired Brazilian Capoeira Irmandade. Indian dances were also exciting and I could not help dancing to the beat. In fact, as soon as I found myself in the centre of the music event, I felt as if I had already visited the countries from which these cultural performances originated. Most of impressions made me thin k over new travel routes, because I could win some of the unforgettable trips by the sea. For instance, the show organizers offered a free Segway Santa Cruz West Cliff Tour. The tour allowed travelers to visit regal seagull and giant seals on the pier. I believe that my future journeys will be dedicated to exploring new species of animals in various parts of the world. In general, the proposed tours, beneficial prices for new journeys, and informative seminars headlines with travelling celebrities could become a good starting point for connecting my life with travelling. Indeed, the travel show has expanded my outlook on the significance of travelling in my life. Bay Travel and Adventure Show is the ticket to the world of new opportunities, skills, and knowledge. Once you visit this event, you will fall in love with travelling. Multiple performances, a plethora of travelling activities, shops, exhibitions, and cultural dancing contributed to the uniqueness of the show. Visiting this event has provided me with new impressions, emotions, and opportunities for expanding my travelling experience. What is more important is that I have managed to receive valuable knowledge on journeys from such experts as Rick Steeves, Joe Diaz, and Patricia Schultz. The people can be regarded as genuine admirers of travelling. Exploring hundreds of destinations and attraction spots cab widen my outlook on the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Third Annual Bay Area Travel and Adventure Show specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Third Annual Bay Area Travel and Adventure Show was written and submitted by user GoblinQueen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.